Molecular Medicine Knowledge Base
What job can molecular PHD. do after graduation? Can they go to medicine company? I'm an undergraduate student in China and my major is biological science. I want to apply for a molacular biology PHD in the USA. But I have no idea about what I can do after graduation of PHD? Is that OK for me to apply for a job in a medicine company after graduation from PHD? What kinds of work can I do in the medicine company? Is that OK if my research field is narrow? Thanks.
Medicine-Please doctors help me.? What can I more do? How can I change their mind? I have dedicated my life to medicine. Since i was 4 yrs old till now 21. This is my third time, that i have applied for medicine , and i have already been rejected by 2 universities. I have an interview coming up at Hull york med school , and i still haven't heard from dundee med. school,in which i am sure i have no chance since it is very competitive. I feel useless, i feel empty, and without an aim.. I am lost, i have no feelings left. I have always done everything i could for medicine, in terms of achieving high grades and have had a lot of work experiences, have organised a lot of work experiences with doctors but none wants to see it. No doctors seem to want to give me an offer. And patients love me. Still I don't deserve anything. I am useless, i feel empty and considering how hard i have worked, missing a first in my molecular medicine degree for 1%.Speaking 4 different languages,I still don't deserve anything-here i am crying in my lonely solitude which nobody wants 2 hear
Do I need to take the Molecular Biology SAT subject test for medical school? One of my friends who's going into medicine told me most medical school require you to take the M rather than the E. I plan on attending medical school and am taking the Biology SAT subject test. The E is much easier and I know I will be able to get a higher grade if I take it. Does it matter which one I take??
Best bachelor to study before medicine? I am a High School student and I am confused on what to study. I want to study medicine but first I need a bachelor. Which do you think is the best: biology, chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology or molecular biology? I have seen some biology courses but they focus more on animal, botany and other stuff that I don't like? Please help
When you consume a pound of food, do you immediately gain exactly a pound in weight? Assuming that you do not take a bathroom break right after you eat or drink something, does your body gain exactly the same weight as what you just consumed? For example, - A person weighed 100 lbs before eating - Person eats a 1 lb steak - Person gets on the scale and weighs him/herself (assuming no bathroom break in between) - Will person weigh exactly 101 lbs (original 100, plus 1 lb of food) or will the body decompose that food and weigh less than 101 lbs? No... I don't worry about my weight. I'm just trying to satisfy my curiosity and understand how our bodies process food and if foods weigh less once it's in your body after the body starts to process and decompose the food. Not sure if this fits into health or molecular biology or medicine, but I'd appreciate everyone's thoughts!
could i take a bachelor degree in medicine ? (look to details)? I have a bachelor from college of science in microbiology field and also have a post bachelor degree in molecular biology. so if any one knows a program designed for graduated people to get there bachelor degree in medicine in any country please inform me and i will be very pleased
Anyone here study biochemistry and molecular biology? I studied medicine in Taiwan for the past 5 yrs and got my MD. But I feel boring and tired so I want some change. I will go to some american university in the southen part to persue my PHD of biochemistry and molecular biology because I wanna do some research of basic human biology. It's very useful. Now I wonder how is the study of biochemistry? Is it difficulty? Or boring? or something else?
molecular formula and empirical formula for quinine? hello everyone, please help me to find the solution for this problem. Quinine is a constituent of tonic water and medicine for malaria. In the combustion of 0.487 g of quinine 1.321g of CO2, 0.325g of H2O and 0.421g of N2 are formed. The molar mass was determined to be 324 g\mol. Find the empirical and molecular formula of quinine. thanking you abhijit
Are medicinal plants still valued by pfizer, merck, & other research-based drug companies? I am very interested in medicinal plants & herbs and their potential to cure cancer, AIDS, and other diseases. Can someone please give me insight into how valuable they are now to science and medicine and their future (value in the medicine business and science research) as well as with the FDA? Are they considered weak now and what about in the future? How can genetics and molecular biology be involved in research with these plants? What education do I need to be involved in the medicinal plant industry and in pfizer or other drug company giants?
i hate my college way of education , no science given in veterinary medicine in egypt? i am a veterinarian in one of egyptian veterinary faculties , i hate the way we learn ,I don't know how to treat my fellows there , there is a huge gap between my thinking and their thinking,i live in hell , i like both biology and electronics with all their new subfields including molecular biology , genetics , biotechnology , microelectronics , electric circuit design . i study electronics during my college and reading in these matierals about biology , i hardly succeed in my college i failed two years and now i am in the last year of veterinary medicine,my grade is low because i found that the materials of science we learn in the college is away from the real scientific issues we have to learn , that is why i occupy all my time downloading books in the above fields and read them , i need to be a researcher in molecular biology but hoorah , i will find myself a normal veterinarian once i finish the faculty , i need to be free to learn and research in these fields ,what can i do?????
what major would be best if i want to get into medicine? some programs at the school are: physiology biochemistry molecular & cellular biology general biology microbiology chemistry physics i want to know which major gets the best education to prepare me for things like mcats and med school also, tell me if you have taken one of these yourself i know its not necessary but iwant to know which prepares me for the mcat best so i dont have to study so much on my own time
What? Not all illegal immigrants are..............? child molestors, rapists, thieves, psychopathic predators that steal our jobs? "Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa is an assistant professor of neurosurgery, oncology, neuroscience, and cellular and molecular medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He directs the brain tumor surgery program at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center and operates a lab that researches the role of stem cells in brain tumors and brain cancer. Quiñones first entered this country as an illegal immigrant from Mexico. After years of working as a laborer and attending community college, he gained legal status and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. From there he attended Harvard Medical School, where he graduated with honors. He completed his residency in neurosurgery at the University of California, San Francisco, where he also completed a postdoctoral fellowship in developmental and stem cell biology http://www.hopkins.abcnews.com/dr_profiles/alfredo-quinones-hinojosa I wonder how many people's lives this doctor has saved, either by himself, or through the actions of other doctors he has trained, who feel this country's top priority is to put up a fence between us and Mexico.
Science background wanting to break into business? Well, for awhile I desperately wanted a career in medicine, and went for it full throttle. Did a Bio major and a chem,psychology minor during undergrad. Then followed that with masters in Molecular Medicine. I received good grades but after taking more graduate science classes, shadowing more docs, and interviewing at medical schools, I realized that I never really was doing it because I passionate but rather because I was caught up with the image and prestige. I now am interested in doing what I am truly passionate about, which is starting my own biz one day. I know I am years away..I guess my question is where do I start? could I land an accounting job or entry level position with my background? Or is there a better option? I'm completely lost....
Q RE: bio-related PhD programs at American top tier universities? Q RE: PhD programs in molecular biology or molecular medicine at top tier American universities (e.g. Harvard, Princeton, Berkeley, etc): -What is usually the average GPA of accepted applications to the top 10 schools (or, what is minimum GPA I should have)? -When those programs indicate that GRE subject test is "recommended", does not taking the subject test significantly lower my chances of admission? -I currently have no papers published and since the deadline for PhD applications is the end of this year, I'm hoping to have a review article on my thesis topic published within that time. Is having a lack of publication a significant setback for admissions? Also, for research experience, I have a held a summer research award as well as my current thesis research, is this enough (my honours BSc did not have a thesis option)? -If I receive a major national graduate scholarship for my masters, will this affect chances? Thanks for the help! Much appreciated. :) I forgot to mention that I am currently in my first year of masters program. Undergrad GPA~3.8 MSc GPA as of now~3.9 lol, sorry I forgot something else that's rather important: I am a Canadian citizen so I would be applying as an international student. Thanks! :) Another update for the question: Although I do not mind having funding, it does not matter at this stage.
can ya give me the answers to these 3 questions? i need help with this probs. it says Sulfuric acid, a highly corrosive substance, is used in the manufacture of dyes, fertilizer, and medicine. Sulfuric acid is also used by artists for metal etching and in aquatints. H2SO4(pretend 2 is a sub)(pretend 4 is a sub) is the molecular formula for this substance. S stands for sulfur atom. Use this information to answer each question. 1.How many atoms of sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen are in one sulfuric acid molecule? 2.How many atoms of sulfur would it take to combine with 200 atoms of hydrogen? How many atoms of oxygen would it take to combine with 200 atoms of hydrogen? 3.If 500atoms of sulfur, 400 atoms of hydrogen, and 400 atoms of oxygen are combined, how many sulfuric acid molecules could be formed?
Modern medicine is the devil? Demons, posing as doctors, have convinced you all that you have internal organs -- that your bodies are divided into different parts on the inside (parts that are not visible by the naked eye, how convenient is that) and that these parts must work together in order for our bodies to function. However, if we seek the truth, we have to look no further than the vegetables that were created by god. Our bodies are completely solid and all the work is done at the molecular level -- like potatos, in the garden. God made us from dirt, after all. Doctors want you to believe that you need organ systems to live ... when this is completely false. We are like God's Magic Potatos, and our insides are made primarily of starch. Will you drop your false belief of intestines, gall bladders, and lungs and embrace the truth of the Magic Potato Theory today? *lol* I promise that I didn't make this up. My imagination is not THAT complex.
Can I get into med school? I recently decided I wanted to go into medicine. I am a molecular biosciences/biotechnology major. I started a company (a Med Spa) which took up all my time so my GPA fell to a 2.5 (I am now a junior). I scored a 39 out of 45 on my MCAT. Do I still have a chance of getting into medical school?
Hi.. Could somebody tell me if a molecular virologist earns good money pear year working in that area? Well Im iterested in many areas but the main are medicine, chemistry, biology & virology but certainly I´m not good at math. Also interested in molecullar biology (virology) but I would llike to know if that career is well paid or if someone could recommend me a another carrer with better income oportunities. Appreciate all kind of suggestions and experiences also interesed graphical desing, economy and politics. Im a complete mess so hopeu culd help me. Hope to know from you soon and thxs very much for the help See U
Research to tackle in the branches of Medicine? Neurology? Recently diagnosed with Syringomyelia, and a student in a Science Research program I would like to do something about the disease or any other diseases or solutions to diseases in the Neurology spectrum, proposed but with no study conducted (hoping to get something published). I am interested with molecular levels of the neuron and neuroscience, I recently saw a presentation of laminin in reconstructing parts of neurons, as inhibitors such as MAC prevent neurons from repairing. Please post any ideas, or any pioneering ideas, preferably in the neurology spectrum, but any suggestions would be nice.
Computer for college: Laptop or Desktop & PC or Mac? I know many people have asked this question, but I'd like specifics. Namely, learning a new operating system (Mac) scares me, and Windows Vista does too. I'd like to know what brand/model/extras I should invest in for college. I will be a freshman at The Ohio State University studying in the biological sciences, maybe majoring in veterinary medicine, pathology, or molecular genetics (aka probably an 8 year program). I'm not a big fan of the keyboards on laptops, along with the many problems they tend to have (overheating, theft, etc) but a desktop will take up much more room. My final concern is the question; PC v. Mac. I understand that Macs have very few viruses and the system is relatively easy to learn, but my biggest concern is OSU doesn't have a strong tech support for Mac users. Also, what is the dish on Windows Vista. I've heard some horror stories, will it/has it gotten any better? Please feel free to email me: hydrophobicmermaid@sbcglobal.net
Which of the following is an article from a popular magazine? A. Lovell-Badge, Robin. “The Future for Stem Cell Research.” Nature 414:6859 (11 Nov. 2001): 88. B. Lemonick, Michael D., David Bjerklie, Andrew Goldstein. “Keeper of the Stem Cells.” Time 27 Aug. 2001: 57. C. Siegal, Andrew. “Neutrality and Consensus: Towards a Viable Policy on Human Stem Cell Research.” Molecular Aspects of Medicine 22.3 (2001): 171-181. D. Carroll, Jill and VandeHei, Jim. “Mouse Cells in Stem Lines May Limit Use.”Wall Street Journal 24 Aug. 2001: A3.
Where to find researches...? Where can i find a website with published researches in the field of medicine and (micro/molecular) biology? except pubmed.gov
Title of professor? my question is... if you become a professor at a university, can you hold more than one title of professorship for example can you both hold the title of professor of molecular biology and internal medicine at the same time? or can you hold a position as an asociate proffessor in one department but a full professor ship in another?(concurrently)
autobiography of biologist....? I want to read a good autobiography of any of the biologists.....may be from the fild of biochemistry , microbiology , genetics , molecular biology , biotechnology , cytology , medicine anything related to the biology field as such... EVEN TELL ME FROM WHERE I COULD GET THAT BOOK.... EVEN I WOULD LIKE e-BOOK IF AVAILABLE... I am from India so it should be available to me in Indian subcontinent do not suggest name of any website......... suggest the name of book please...........
My bf and I broke up a week ago and its been confusing..? The day we broke up I called him we talked and we decided we shouldn't call each other anymore and made a decision I will leave my stuff at my moms to pick it up yesterday.So I havent called him. He has been calling me lately for various reason. One to get his electric shaver b/c of job interview, to talk and to tell me about a molecular structure of a medicine he just started taking. I still have strong feelings for him so I kind of look forward to his phone call each day. I wont call him though b/c I want to look like I'm over him you know. What should I tell him? B/c if he doesn't want anything from me I would like him to stop calling b/c it really hurts me or should I stop answering and see what happens. Or just see what happens? Help Im dropping his stuff off on Tuesday should i tell him then. Need ADIVCE!!
My boyfriend and I broke up a week ago and we decided to not call eachother..? So he calls me a day after we broke up to tell me that he quit his job and wants to know a name of a place by my house that he could get a job at.. calls three times and leaves a message (never leaves messages when we were together). The next day he calls and is sobbing about everything, then he gets better and wants me to drop off his electric razor I do and we talk for a bit. He calls me again to tell me about his day and then the next day he calls me to tell me about a molecular structure of a medicine he is taking. I mean Im taking chem but I mean its stupid. What should I do? What does he want? I still have very strong feelings for him...confused..advice!!
Anyone here study biochemistry and molecular biology? I studied medicine in Taiwan for the past 5 yrs and got my MD. But I feel boring and tired so I want some change. I will go to some american university in the southen part to persue my PHD of biochemistry and molecular biology because I wanna do some research of basic human biology. It's very useful. Now I wonder how is the study of biochemistry? Is it difficulty? Or boring? or something else? Yes I studied it before but it was in Chinese and much easy then that was taught in the biochemistry department. So I suppose it will be a big challenge for me.
Splenda... how do you feel about it? Any strange side effects? How do you feel about Splenda- sucralose? It is in everything from gum, tylenol, childrens vitamins & cough medicines, juice, apple suace, coffee creamer and so many many more. I have had some bad effects from splenda, panic attacks, bad acne breakouts, high blood pressure. I know there are those of you out there that think, awe it's just sugar.... but it's not just sugar, and it's not natural, the molecular density of sugar is changed making it Splenda. I have heard of a few other cases with severe anxiety and panic attacks, even my daughter has it happen. Please respond with your thoughts & if you eat splenda (sucralose) & you just dont feel 'right', please stop ingesting it, read all your labels & see how you feel in a week. I can now feel the rise in my heartbeat when i consume enough sucralose in a sitting- lets say in salad dressing. Like when i discovered it in my tylenol 8hr, it took a week of severe headaches & minor anxiety, to realize that it was in my body. I have done plenty of research & have been dealing with trying to avoid sucralose- splenda in my daily life, which keeps getting harder because it seems to be the new fad & it is going into all my fav stuff, like juicy fruit & big red, ice breakers, so many many things. It takes me twice as long to shop, i read the labels everytime i buy a product because on some there have been no notices of the ingredient change. While I appreciate you all answering my question & giving input- I dont appreciate claims that what i say is 'false', true these symptoms dont occur in everyone.... those of us with incrediable sensativites to such things should not be branded 'liars' I dont diet, i dont eat artificial sweetners normally. The intake I get is from products switching to it with out telling or by accident when i dont look at the labels. I usually only buy organic sugar now to get rid of any bleaching chance. It is so much better.
Best bachelor to study before medicine? I am a High School student and I am confused on what to study. I want to study medicine but first I need a bachelor. Which do you think is the best: biology, chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology or molecular biology? I have seen some biology courses but they focus more on animal, botany and other stuff that I don't like? Please help
With all the recalls I thought I would share:? this is an actual research page I found when working for a home vet and she loved it so much that she put it on her page..read it with an open mind...and think...here is her page also if you are interested..http://www.carinrennings.com (Don't read if you have a weak stomach) What's Really for Dinner? The Truth About Commercial Pet Food, by Tina Perry Cow brains. Sheep guts. Chicken heads. Road kill. Rancid grain. These are a few of the so-called nutritionally balanced ingredients found in the commercial pet food served to companion animals every day. More than 95 percent of US companion animals derive their nutritional needs from a single source: processed pet food. When people think of pet food, many envision whole chickens, choice cuts of beef, fresh grains, and all the nutrition that a dog or cat may ever need -- images that pet food manufacturers promote in their advertisements. What these companies do not reveal is that instead of whole chickens they have substituted chicken heads, feet, and intestines. Those choice cuts of beef are really cow brains, tongues, esophagi, fetal tissue dangerously high in hormones, and possibly diseased and even cancerous meat. Those whole grains have had the starch removed for corn starch powder and the oil extracted for corn oil, or they are hulls and other remnants from the milling process. Grains used that are truly whole have usually been deemed unfit for human consumption because of mold, contaminants, poor quality, or poor handling practices. Pet food is one of the world’s most synthetic edible products, containing virtually no whole ingredients. Pet food manufacturers have become masters at inducing companion animals to eat things cat and dogs would normally spurn. Pet food scientists have learned that it's possible to take a mixture of inedible scraps, fortify it with artificial vitamins and minerals, preserve it so that it can sit on the shelf for more than a year, add dyes to make it attractive, and then extrude it into whimsical shapes that appeal to the human consumer. For this, pet food companies can expect to earn $9 billion in sales in 1996. Scraps and Byproducts For years, many care givers have tried to avoid feeding their companion animals people food leftovers, having been warned by veterinarians about the heath problems they can cause. Yet much scrap material from the human food industry is ending up in dogs and cat’s dinner bowls. What the consumer purchases and what the manufacturer advertises are often two entirely different products, and this difference threatens the animals healthy, especially as they age. Learning to read ingredient labels and taking the time to read them carefully is crucial to making an educated choice when purchasing pet food. Ingredients are listed in descending order of weight (heaviest first) under standards established by the Center for Veterinary Medicine for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The name of the product (in most states) is dictated by the regulations of the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). The trouble is, AAFCO standards can lead to deceptive product names due to the weight and volume variations between wet and dry ingredients. Also, the average consumer has no idea what the definitions for the listed ingredients mean. Preservatives, vitamins, minerals, flavorings, and cereal make up most of what the companion animal eats. It is not happenstance that four of the top five major pet food companies in the United States are subsidiaries of major multinational food production companies: Colgate Palmolive (which produces Hills Science Diet), Heinz, Nestle, and Mars )see The Corporate Connection). From a business standpoint, multi-national food companies owning pet food manufacturers is an ideal relationship. The multinationals have captive market in which to dump their waste products, and the pet food manufacturers have a direct source of bulk materials. Both make a profit from selling scraps that originate from places far worse than the dinner table. In his 1986 book Pet Allergies veterinarian Al Plechner sums up what goes into companion animals food: Condemned parts and animals rejected for human consumption are routinely rerouted for commercial pet foods. A similar fate applies to so-called 4-D animals. These are food animals picked up dead, or that are dying, diseased, or disabled, and do not meet human-food qualifications. They are processed straightaway for companion animal consumption. Little goes to waste. Says Plechner, Food processing refuse of all sorts winds up in your animals dinner bowls. Moldy grains. Rancid foods. Meat meal. The latter is ground-up slaughterhouse discards often containing disease-ridden tissue and high levels of hormones and pesticides, the very things that may have contributed to the death of the steer or hog. A decade later, his words still apply. When cattle, swine, chickens, lambs, or other animals meet their ends at a slaughterhouse, the choice cuts -- lean muscle tissue and organs prized by humans -- are trimmed away from the carcass for human consumption. Whatever remains of the carcass (bones, blood, pus, intestines, ligaments, subcutaneous fat, hooves, horns, beaks, and any other parts not normally consumed by humans) is, according to the pet food industry, perfectly fit as a protein source for cat and dog food. The Pet Food Institute, the trade association of pet food manufacturers, acknowledges in its 1994 Fact Sheet the importance of using byproducts in pet foods as additional income for processors and farmers. The purchase and use of these ingredients by the pet food industry not only provides nutritional foods for pets at reasonable costs, but provides an important source of income to American farmers and processors of meat, poultry, and seafood products for human consumption. Many of these remnants are indigestible and provide a questionable source of nutrition. The amount of nutrition provided by meat byproducts, meals, and digests varies from vat to vat of this animal protein soup. A vat filled with chicken feet, beaks, and viscera is going to make available a lower amount of protein than a vat of breast meat. James Morris and Quinton Rogers, professors with Department of Molecular Biosciences at the University of California at Davis Veterinary School of Medicine, assert that there is virtually no information on the bio-availability of nutrients for companion animals in many of the common dietary ingredients used in pet foods. These ingredients are generally byproducts of the meat, poultry and fishing industries, with the potential for wide variation in nutrient composition. Claims of nutritional adequacy of pet foods based on the current AAFCO nutrient allowances (profiles) do not give assurances of nutritional adequacy and will not until ingredients are analyzed and bioavailability values are incorporated. Meat byproducts, the catch-all term of the pet food industry, is a misnomer because these byproducts contain little if any meat. Byproducts contain little if any meat. Byproduct are animal parts leftover after the meat has been stripped from the bone. Chicken byproducts include heads, feet, entrails, lungs, spleens, kidneys, brains, livers, stomachs, noses, blood, and intestines free of their contents. What the pet food manufactures fail to mention is that most byproducts, digests and meals are also filled with other substances, such as cancerous tissue cut from the carcass, plastic foam packaging containing spoiled meat from supermarkets, ear tags, spoiled slaughterhouse meat, road kill, and pieces of downer animals. Canned Cannibalism Another source of meat that isn't mentioned on pet food labels is pet byproducts, the bodies of dogs and cats. In 1990 the San Francisco Chronicle reported that euthanized companion animals were found in pet foods. Although pet food company executives and the National Renderers Association vehemently denied the report, the American Veterinary Medical Association and the FDA confirmed the story. The pets serve a viable purpose by providing foodstuff for the animal feed chain, said Lea McGovern, chief of the FDA's animal feed safety branch. Because of the sheer volume of animals rendered and the similarity in protein content between poultry byproducts and processed dogs and cats, rendering plant workers say it would be impossible for purchasers to know the exact contents of what they buy. In fact, Sacramento Rendering cited by inspectors five times in the past two years for product-labeling violations. Grease and Grain The most nutritious dry pet food is no better than the worst if animals will not eat it. Pet food scientists have discovered that spraying the kibble or pellets with a combination of refined animal fat, lard, kitchen grease, and other oils too rancid or deemed inedible for humans makes an otherwise bland or distasteful product palatable. Animal fat is mainly packing house waste or supermarket trimmings from the packaging of meats. Animals love the taste of this sprayed fat, which also acts as a binding agent to which manufacturers may add other flavor enhancers. The pungent odor wafting from an open bag of pet food is created by this concoction. Restaurant grease has become a major component of feed-grade animal fat over the last 15 years. Often held in 50-gallon drums for weeks or months in extreme temperatures, this grease is usually kelp outside with no regard for its safety or further use. The rancid grease is then picked up by fat blenders who mix the animal and vegetable fats together, stabilize them with powerful antioxidants to prevent further spoilage, and then sell the blended products to pet food companies. Rancid, heavily preserved fats are extremely difficult to digest and can lead to a host of animal health problems, including digestive upsets, diarrhea, gas, and bad breath. Once considered filler by the pet food industry, the amount of grain products included in pet food has risen over the last decade as the American population has focused its attention away from consuming beef and toward a healthier diet of grains and vegetables. Commonly two of the top three pet food ingredients are some form of grain products. For instance, Alpo's Beef Flavored Dinner lists ground yellow corn, soybean meal, and poultry byproduct meal as its top three ingredients. 9 Lives Crunchy Meals lists ground yellow corn, corn gluten meal, and poultry byproduct meal as its top three ingredients. Of the top four ingredients of Purina's O.N.E. Dog Formula -- chicken, ground yellow corn, ground wheat, and corn gluten meal -- two are corn-based products from the same source. This is an industry practice known as splitting. When components of the same whole ingredient are listed separately (ground yellow corn and corn gluten meal) it appears that there is less corn than chicken, even when the whole ingredient may weigh more than the chicken. Soy is another common ingredient in many pet foods. It is used by the manufacturers to boost the claimed protein content and add bulk so that when animals eat a product containing soy they will fell more sated. Tofu is suitable for humans, but most forms of soybean do not agree with a dog or cat's digestive system. Like many other pet food ingredients, soy is virtually unusable by an animal's body. Being obligate carnivores, cats have little ability to digest any nutrients from soy. The problem is worse for dogs because they lack the essential amino acid to digest soy products. Soy has also been linked to bloat and gas in many dogs. Additives and Processing Pet food industry critics note that many of the ingredients (such as corn syrup and corn gluten meal) used as humectants to prevent oxidation also bind water molecules in such a way that the food actually sticks to the animal's colon and may cause blockage. Blockage of the colon may cause an increased risk of cancer of the colon or rectum. Two-thirds of the pet food manufactured in the United States contains synthetic preservatives added by the manufacturer. Of the remaining third, 90 percent includes ingredients already stabilized by synthetic preservatives. Because most pet food contains large percentages of added fat, a stabilizer is needed to maintain the quality of the food. Sodium nitrite, often used as a coloring agent, fixative, and preservative, has the ability to combine with natural stomach and food chemicals (secondary amends) to create nitrosamines, powerful cancer-causing agents, according to A Consumer's Dictionary of Food Additives. Many pet foods advertised as preservative-free do not contain preservatives. Almost all rendered meats have synthetic preservatives added as stabilizer, but manufacturers aren't required to list preservatives they themselves haven't added. Premixed vitamin additives can also contain preservatives. In the 1003 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, veterinarian Philip Roudebush reported finding low concentrations of synthetic antioxidant preservatives in all analyzed samples of products labeled as chemical free or all-natural. Other types of additives depend on whether the pet food is semi-moist, dry or canned. Because semi-moist food contains 25-50 percent water, antimicrobial preservatives must be used. Propylene glycol was frequently used in cat food until it was pulled in 1992 for causing a variety of health problems. Processing greatly alters the nutritional value of the food ingredients. Veterinarian R. L. Wysong states in Rationale for Animal Nutrition: Processing is the wild card in nutritional value that is, by and large, simply ignored. Heating, freezing, dehydrating, canning, extruding, pelleting, baking and so forth, are so commonplace that they are simply thought of as synonymous with food itself. Because the ingredients that pet food companies use are not wholesome, and harsh manufacturing practices destroy what little nutritional value the food may have had in the first place, the final product must be fortified with vitamins and minerals. Questionable Nutrition How, then, can any pet food be guaranteed to be 100 percent complete or nutritionally adequate? As long as it meets the AAFCO minimum standards, such a guarantee can be on the label. Yet in 1994, feed tests conducted by the New York State Agriculture Department showed 7 percent of all pet foods analyzed failed chemical analyses for guaranteed nutrients. Other states report similar findings, with failure of analyzed feed ranging from to 12 percent. Even if a pet food meets AAFCO standards, certain nutritional requirements (for example, lysine) can vary between species by as much as seven-fold. Although manufacturers clam that millions of companion animals can thrive on a diet consisting of nothing by commercial pet food, research and an increasing number of veterinarians implicate processed pet food as a source of disease or as an exacerbating agent for a number of degenerative diseases. For example, kidney disease is on of the top three killers of companion animals. According to Plechner, the extra protein and harsh ingredients of many pet foods place an overload on the kidneys. Left untreated, the toxic buildup leads to vomiting, loss of appetite, uremic poisoning, and death. Wysong adds, In the last few years, large statistical studies have shown the link between the diet (of processed foods) and a variety of degenerative diseases, including cancer, heart disease, allergies, arthritis, obesity, dental disease, etc. After extensive research, the Animal Protection Institute (API) published a Pet Food Investigative Report to educate companion animal care givers about pet food ingredients, ingredient definitions, labeling, and dietary ailments resulting from processed commercial pet food, including the most commonly know brands. Yet, whether such food is purchased at the supermarket, pet store, or from a veterinarian, it makes little difference in terms of the quality -- only in the cost. Since the report was published earlier this year, API has conducted more research on holistic pet care and pet food alternatives, but still claims that the vast majority of pet foods available on the market today provide less that optimum nutrition for companion animals. It is sad to think that the food provided by animal care givers to their four-legged friends could be hazardous to the animals'; health and longevity. Care givers should assume responsibility for providing as healthful a diet as possible for the animals in the care. Consumers should be informed: speak with a holistic practitioner or herbalist, or consult your veterinarian (but be aware that a veterinarian's knowledge of nutrition may be limited to the two weeks of nutrition he or she had veterinary school 20 years ago). Although the ideal solution would be for companion animals to be fed only wholesome homemade and/or vegetarian diets, this is not an optician for everyone -- the cost and time commitment is sometimes prohibitive. By taking more moderate steps, however, care givers can still greatly improve companion animals' diet and quality of life. EDIT: On Carin Rennings page she lists recommended diets... she really researched them and its really helpful....go check it out..smile EDIT EDIT: sorry but it is still happening to the person that said its not... when I did my research I asked around and found out that the people that picked up the dead pets from the vets offices that did not want a private creamation actually had a company come in and pick the bodies up...really sick...valley protien I think was the name of the company... I am not just trying to "SCARE" people ...here is more proof....read this article JUST WRITTEN!! and see for yourself whats in your pet foods!! http://www.petfoodreport.com/aboutpetfood.htm#ingredients Edit: as far as ill timing and such... I think its just the right time!! people need to open their eyes...so sorry you 2 feel that way...smile http://www.api4animals.org/facts.php?p=359&more=1
Title of professor? my question is.. if you are apart of a university can you hold two titles at once for example: can you be both professor of molecular biology and internal medicine at the same time or can you hold the title of asciosiate professor in one department and hold the title of full professorship in another department?(concurrently) while also keeping up your clinical work as a practicing medical doctor?
Should I go for UCLA, UCBerkeley, or UCSD? Should I go for... 1. UCLA: Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics. 2. UC Berkeley: Immunology (with Haas undergraduate dual business administration degree) 3. UCSD: Bioengineering: "Premed" emphasis I am looking forward to medicine/medical school after completing four years BS. UCSD's undergraduate bioengineering is ranked in the top 3 of the nation and it is super competitive. I do not know of the rankings and values of the other degrees from UCLA or UCBerkeley.
does anyone want to read this ( i know its so wierd but maybe any yahooligans here wanted to see it ) caution! The Basics Where does fart gas come from? The gas in our intestines comes from several sources: air we swallow, gas seeping into our intestines from our blood, gas produced by chemical reactions in our guts, and gas produced by bacteria living in our guts. What is fart gas made of? The composition of fart gas is highly variable. Most of the air we swallow, especially the oxygen component, is absorbed by the body before the gas gets into the intestines. By the time the air reaches the large intestine, most of what is left is nitrogen. Chemical reactions between stomach acid and intestinal fluids may produce carbon dioxide, which is also a component of air and a product of bacterial action. Bacteria also produce hydrogen and methane. But the relative proportions of these gases that emerge from our anal opening depend on several factors: what we ate, how much air we swallowed, what kinds of bacteria we have in our intestines, and how long we hold in the fart. The longer a fart is held in, the larger the proportion of boring, inert nitrogen it contains, because the other gases tend to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine. A nervous person who swallows a lot of air and who moves stuff through his digestive system rapidly may have a lot of oxygen in his farts, because his body didn't have time to absorb the oxygen. Encyclopaedia Britannica offers the intriguing statement that some people's farts contain no methane. The reason for this is apparently unknown. Some researchers suspect a genetic influence, whereas others think the anomaly is due to environmental factors. However, all methane in any farts comes from bacterial action and not from human cells. What makes farts stink? The odor of farts comes from small amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas and mercaptans in the mixture. These compounds contain sulfur. The more sulfur-rich your diet, the more sulfides and mercaptans will be produced by the bacteria in your guts, and the more your farts will stink. Foods such as cauliflower, eggs and meat are notorious for producing smelly farts, whereas beans produce large amounts of not particularly stinky farts. Why do farts make noise? The sounds are produced by vibrations of the anal opening. Sounds depend on the velocity of expulsion of the gas and the tightness of the sphincter muscles of the anus. How much gas does a normal person pass per day? On average, a person produces about half a liter of fart gas per day, distributed over an average of about fourteen daily farts. Whereas it may be difficult for you to determine your daily flatus volume, you can certainly keep track of your daily numerical fart count. You might try this as a science fair project: Keep a journal of everything you eat and a count of your farts. You might make a note of the potency of their odor as well. See if you can discover a relationship between what you eat, how much you fart, and how much they smell. How does a fart travel to the anus? One may wonder why fart gas travels downward toward the anus when gas has a lower density than liquids and solids, and should therefore travel upwards. The intestine squeezes its contents toward the anus in a series of contractions, a process called peristalsis. The process is stimulated by eating, which is why we often need to poop and fart right after a meal. Peristalsis creates a zone of high pressure, forcing all intestinal contents, gas included, to move towards a region of lower pressure, which is toward the anus. Gas is more mobile than other components, and small bubbles coalesce to from larger bubbles en route to the exit. When peristalsis is not active, gas bubbles may begin to percolate upwards again, but they won't get very far due to the complicated and convoluted shape of the intestine. Furthermore, the anus is neither up nor down when a person is lying down. How long does it take fart gas to travel to someone else's nose? Fart travel time depends on atmospheric conditions such as humidity, temperature and wind speed and direction, the molecular weight of the fart particles, and the distance between the fart transmitter and the fart receiver. Farts also disperse (spread out) as they leave the source, and their potency diminishes with dilution. Generally, if the fart is not detected within a few seconds, it will be too dilute for perception and will be lost into the atmosphere forever. Exceptional conditions exist when the fart is released into a small enclosed area such as an elevator, a small room, or a car. These conditions limit the amount of dilution possible, and the fart may remain in a smellable concentration for a long period of time, until it condenses on the walls. Why is there a 13 to 20 second delay between farting and the time it starts to smell? Actually, the fart stinks immediately upon emergence, but it takes several seconds for the odor to travel to the farter's nostrils. If farts could travel at the speed of sound, we would smell them almost instantly, at the same time we hear them. Is it true that some people never fart? No, not if they're alive. People even fart shortly after death. Do even movie stars fart? Yes, of course. So do grandmothers, priests, kings, presidents, opera singers, beauty queens, and nuns. Even Yoda farts. Do men fart more than women? No, women fart just as much as men. It's just that most men take more pride in it than most women. There is a large variation among individuals in the amount of fart gas produced per day, but the variation does not correlate with gender. I have read that men fart more often than women. If this is true, then women must be saving it up and expelling more gas per fart than men do. Do men's farts smell worse than women's farts? Based on what I have experienced of women's farts, all I can say is that I hope not. At what time of day is a gentleman most likely to fart? A gentleman is mostly likely to fart first thing in the morning, while in the bathroom. This is known as "morning thunder," and if the gentleman gets good resonance, it can be heard throughout the household. Why are beans so notorious for making people fart? Beans contain sugars that we humans cannot digest. When these sugars reach our intestines, the bacteria go wild, have a big feast, and make lots of gas! Other notorious fart-producing foods include corn, bell peppers, cabbage, milk, and raisins. A friend of mine had a dog who was exceptionally fond of apples and turnips. The dog would eat these things and then get prodigious gas. A dog's digestive system is not equipped to handle such vegetable matter, so the dog's bacteria worked overtime to produce remarkable flatulence. What things other than diet can make a person fart more than usual? People who swallow a lot of air fart more than people who don't. This can be cured somewhat by chewing with your mouth closed. Nervous people with fast moving bowels will fart more because less air is absorbed out of the intestines. Some disease conditions can cause excess flatulence. And going up in an airplane or other low-pressure environment can cause the gas inside you to expand and emerge as flatulence. Is a fart really just a burp that comes out the wrong end? No, a burp emerges from the stomach and has a different chemical composition from a fart. Farts have less atmospheric gas content and more bacterial gas content than burps. Is it harmful to hold in farts? There are differences in opinion on this one. Certainly, people have believed for centuries that retaining flatulence is bad for the health. Emperor Claudius even passed a law legalizing farting at banquets out of concern for people's health. There was a widespread belief that a person could be poisoned or catch a disease by retaining farts. Doctors I have spoken to recently have told me that there is no particular harm in holding in farts. Farts will not poison you; they are a natural component of your intestinal contents. The worst thing that can happen is that you may get a stomach ache from the gas pressure. But one doctor suggested that pathological distention of the bowel could result if a person holds in farts too much. How long would it be possible to not fart? As I understand it, a captive fart can escape as soon as the person relaxes. This means that a lot of people who assiduously refrain from farting during the day do so at great length as soon as they fall asleep. Having been on a great many overnight field trips, long bus trips, and trans-Pacific flights, I can personally vouch for the fact that lots of people do fart voluminously as they doze off. So the answer to the question would be, you can refrain from farting as long as you can stay awake! Do all people fart in their sleep? I have not made a scientific study of this, but I don't think all people fart in their sleep. I think mainly those who refuse to fart when they're awake do so when dozing off. For other people, toilet training takes such a strong hold that they let nothing pass their sphincters in sleep. For these people, the gas accumlates in the night and they vent it upon awakening. Where do farts go when you hold them in? How often have you held in a fart, intending to release it at the first appropriate opportunity, only to find that the fart has disappeared when you are ready for it? I asked several doctors where the fart goes. Does it leak out slowly without the person knowing it? Is it absorbed into the bloodstream? What happens to it? The doctors agree that the fart is neither released nor absorbed. It simply migrates back upward into the intestine and comes out later. It is reassuring to know that such farts aren't really lost, just delayed. How can one cover up a fart? There is a company called Fartypants that sells underwear designed to absorb the odor of farts. If you should be caught without your Fartypants, another ploy is to blame the dog or cat, if one should be present, or complain about how the wind must be blowing from the direction of the paper mill. As for the sound... if you are in a large group of people, act oblivious and innocent, or glance quickly at the person next to you, as if you think he/she did it. Other strategies include coughing or suddenly moving your chair so that people think that they misheard the fart. If you are with one other person, you can act as if nothing happened, and the other person may believe he was mistaken in thinking he heard a fart. CJT addresses the problem of farting loudly in a public restroom as follows: "My solution: use a handful of loose toilet paper, cover your butt hole and it will muffle the farting; my friends and I call it the 'Buff Muff'!" Depending upon the company, another strategy is not to cover it up, but to proudly proclaim the fart as your own grand accomplishment and to issue a challenge to the others to outdo that one if they think they can. Is it really possible to ignite farts? The answer to that is yes! However, you should be aware that people get injured igniting flatulence. Not only can the flame back up into your colon, but your clothing or other surroundings may catch on fire. A survey done by Fartcloud (the site, alas! is not more) indicates that about a quarter of the people who ignited their farts got burned doing it. Ignition of flatulence is a hazardous practice. However, if you want to try it, and you don't have a friend to light your fart for you, you might find it easier to accomplish the job using the Fartlighter. There have also been cases in which intestinal gases with a higher than normal oxygen content have exploded during surgery when electric cautery was used by the surgeon. Why is it possible to burn farts? Farts burn because they contain methane (usually) and hydrogen, both of which are flammable gases. (Hydrogen was the same gas that was used in the ill fated Hindenburg dirigible.) Farts tend to burn with a blue or yellow flame. Is it possible to light a match with a fart? No, even strike-anywhere matches have their limits, unless the fart has the consistency of sandpaper! Any fart that rough I would hesitate to call a fart. Also, farts have the same temperature as the body from which they emerge, and aren't hot enough to initiate combustion. Are there any books about farting? There are several! My favorite is the new book, Who Cut the Cheese: A Cultural History of the Fart by Jim Dawson. This book provides an entertaining and thought-provoking history of the fart in literature, language and society. It is very informative and very funny! Ben Franklin's classic Fart Proudly is still in print. There is a collection of suggestive photographs called Who Farted Now by St. Martin's Press. Most of the photos come from old movies and political shots. For children, we have the famous The Gas We Pass : The Story of Farts by Shinta Cho, and Amanda Mayer Stinchecum (Translator), and the Canadian picture book, Good Families Don't, by Alan Daniel and Robert N. Munsch, about a highly visible fart infesting a proper middle class family. Is it possible for a talented person to earn a living through flatulence? Few people earn their living directly via flatulence. But a friend of mine says that he saw a carnival act in which the performer whistled tunes with his farts, blew out candles on the opposite side of the stage, and sent flames all the way across the stage. A famous performer who earned his living this way was Le Petomane, who performed in France at the beginning of the 20th Century. However, my friend isn't old enough to have seen Le Petomane, so maybe he had a chance to see Mr. Methane. Mr. Methane lays claim to the distinction of being the world's only performing flatulist. His CD can be purchased at the FartMart. However, people may also earn a living through the prevention of flatulence (as do the manufacturers and sellers of Beano and other products), through the practice of medicine specializing in the treatment of flatulence and other gastrointestinal problems, by writing books about flatulence (see the question before this one), and through the production and sales of various fart gags such as whoopee cushions and farts in a can. Fartypants sells a fart filter and a number of other fart-related products. Ultratech Products, Inc., sells the Flatulence Filter, "an activated carbon air filter disguised as a seat cushion." (This link was discovered by Steve of Boulder, CO.) Maybe, if you're lucky, you'll be able to find a copy of Le Petomane's biography by searching at alibris.com. Last time I checked, they had two copies available! What other fart products are available? You can visit the FartMart to obtain an astounding number of wonderful fart products, including the famous Crepitation Contest CD, and several other recordings, Pull-My-Finger Fred (a doll that responds with farts and wisecracks), whoopie cushions and a variety of other fart-noise generating products (some of which are quite high tech), some products which produce a fart-like odor, prosthetic poop, fart sludge, and the famous Fart Machine. Why do dog and cat farts smell so bad? A carnivore's protein-rich diet produces relatively small amounts of intensely stinky gas because proteins contain lots of sulfur. A dog's or cat's farts are rarely audible, but the odor is overwhelming. I have asked biologists why dogs and cats generally fart silently, and their theories include: (1) the amount of gas produced is small, but potent, (2) the horizontal orientation of their gastrointestinal system puts less pressure on the anal opening, so the gas is expelled more slowly, (3) their anal sphincters don't close as tightly as humans' because it takes less force to hold in the contents of the colon -- again because of the horizontal orientation of the gastrointestinal system -- and a loose anus makes less sound, and, my favorite (4) dogs and cats don't feel embarrassed about farting, so their sphincters are more relaxed, leading to less noisy flatulence. Mike F. points out that many dog foods are soy-based, so on top of all the above factors, add beans and stand back! Large herbivorous animals such as cows, horses and elephants, on the other hand, produce vast quantities of relatively non-stinky fart gas. The farts of these animals are noisy and can go on for astoundingly long periods of time. Cows in particular are productive, in part because they swallow huge amounts of air. They need oxygen in their guts for the various protozoa employed there as digestive aids. Is it normal for dogs to like the smell of human farts? Yes, any odor that we find disgusting smells delicious to a dog. Dogs respond to the smell of farts, rotting fish, and carrion the same way we respond to the smell of bacon frying or cookies baking. A dog will often sniff the butt of the farter in order to inhale as much of the odor as possible. I have heard only one story about a dog being disconcerted by a fart. According to a friend, her brother once delivered a fart so evil that it made the dog sneeze, shake his head, and paw at his nose. That was either an unusual fart or an unusual dog. Do fish fart? According to our ichthyologist at the University of Guam, fish flatulence per se has not been studied, although people have investigated fish digestion. They find that although most fish have alkaline intestinal environments like our own, coral-eating fish have acidic intestinal contents. The acid serves to dissolve coral skeletal material. Coral has the same composition as Tums (calcium carbonate). One product of the reaction between acid and calcium carbonate is carbon dioxide gas. Therefore, it is logical to assume that coral-eating fish fart a lot. The other fish probably fart also, for the same reasons that we do. However, Mike Pulte, a great fish enthusiast, said that he has never seen a fish do it. I asked our ichthyologist if it were possible that fish gas would go into the swim bladder instead of out the anal opening. He said that modern fish have an air bladder that is independent of the gastrointestinal tract. The gas comes from enzymatic activity and not from the intestine. Older models of fish have their swim bladder connected to the gastrointestinal tract, but it is attached high up, closer to the mouth than to the other end, and these fish come to the surface and gulp air to fill the bladder. Therefore, we can assume that intestinal gas leaves the fish through the anal opening. We also pondered the possibility of fish making noise via flatulence, but apparently most fish noises are made through belching rather than farting. Lisa P., an aquarium enthusiast, reports that she has seen her fish fart: "I have four aquariums and many fish, and I have personally witnessed fish farting! My goldfish used to do it all the time! You'd see a little bubble come out of his anus and stay there, trapped in the mucus of a long string of poop. (Ugh!) And my opaline gourami does it too. Neither of these are coral-eating fish. I have only owned two coral-eating fish so far, but I have never seen either of them fart. It seems most likely to me that much of this gas comes from air swallowed during eating. Also, goldfish have a very simple digestive system and their food is absorbed inefficiently, so possibly the bacteria have more to feed on" Do turtles fart? Yes, turtles do fart, and their farts smell incredibly bad, as do the farts of snakes. In fact, it is my opinion, based on personal experience with reptiles and not on any formal research, that many reptiles use farts as a weapon. Reptile farts smell so bad that sometimes you can tell that one is nearby in the woods, even on a windy day, before you can see the animal. One day I was hiking through the woods in Arkansas with a friend and I told my friend, "I smell a snake fart." A second later, the snake crawled across the path. Astounding but true! In an article published in the December 2000 issue of Discover, "the world's leading expert on snake sounds," Bruce Young of LaFayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, affirmed that snakes do fart. The sonoran coral snake and the western hook-nosed snake fart with an audible popping sound when disturbed. Why do horse farts smell worse than people's farts? I'm not sure that horse farts smell worse than our farts, but they do smell different. Horses have a different diet from us and different gut microbes, so their farts have a different composition. They also fart more voluminously than humans, and the volume of the gas can be overwhelming if one is unfortunate enough to be near a farting horse indoors. What kind of animal has the highest worldwide output of flatulence? Believe it or not, the animal that wins this honor is the humble termite. Because of their diet and digestive processes (with more than the usual microbial assistance), they produce as much methane as human industry. Termite farts are believed to be a major contributor towards global warming. Is it true that cow farts contribute to global warming? Recent research has shown that most methane produced by cows and sheep emerges from the mouth rather than the anus. So one could more accurately say that cow and sheep belches are contributing to global warming. New Zealand researchers are investigating methods of breeding methane-free sheep. Is there any kind of animal that doesn't fart? If we define a fart to be an anal escape of intestinal gas, then it follows that animals that lack intestines or an anus cannot fart. Most animals possess intestines and an anus, but there are some that don't. These include: Sponges: These organisms lack true tissues and organs. They have just a few types of cells organized into a bag with holes in it. Water flows into some holes and out other holes. Sponges are so different from other animals that some biologists think we shouldn't even call them animals. Cnidaria: This phylum includes the jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydra. Their tissues are organized into a bag with a mouth surrounded by stinging tentacles. Food enters the mouth and is digested inside the bag, after which the leftovers are expelled via the same opening. In effect, the same hole serves as both a mouth and an anus. Any gas expelled by a cnidarian would be more appropriately termed a belch rather than a fart, since the animal lacks intestines and separate anus. Pogonophoran worms: These remarkable animals, who dwell on the sea floor near active volcanic regions associated with mid-ocean ridges, possess no mouth, no stomach, no intestines, and no anus. Apparently they retain their svelte, worm-shaped figures by giving up on eating completely! They survive by means of a mutualistic relationship with chemosynthetic bacteria that live in their flesh. Anyway, these animals cannot possibly fart. A second category of animals that probably don't fart are animals that live very deep underwater. At high pressures, gas remains in solution rather than forming bubbles. So there is a good chance that all those clams, echinoderms, fish and other animals living near the seafloor don't fart because their farts stay in solution and never emerge as bubbles, even though the animals possess perfectly good intestines and anuses. Is it possible to leave a brown spot on your pants because of a fart, and if so, what causes it? Judging from what I see when I do the laundry, I'd say that the answer to the first question is definitely yes. As for the causes, we must remember that what we call "fart" and what we call "poop" are just end-members of a continuum. That is, we can have a pure fart, or a pure poop, or anything in-between, depending upon the admixture of the two. If a sample consists mostly of poop with only a small fart component, you get such things as jet-propelled bowel movements and spongy, floating fecal masses (you know, the ones that refuse to be flushed down the toilet -- they keep popping back up). If the sample consists mostly of fart with only a small poop component, you get what is known as "skid marks" or "fart art." These can also result from inadequate wiping, but the shape of the stain is different in the two cases. Inadequate wiping leads to elongate marks parallel to one's crack, usually with well-defined edges, whereas fart art is generally more circular and has an air-brushed look. Fart art is most likely to occur if (1) a person is suffering from diarrhea, (2) the person is trying too hard to fart, and (3) the person mistakenly perceives the pressure against his sphincter to be gas pressure rather than liquid pressure. Again, that last situation is most likely to occur if the person is afflicted with diarrhea. How can we tell when it's only gas needing to come out, rather than something more serious? Our ability to distinguish between the need to fart and the need to poop is something that we learn gradually in the process of toilet training and early childhood. With the tactile nerve endings in the rectal area, we can actually feel different sensations depending upon what is waiting by the exit. Of course, sometimes we are fooled, especially if the substance at hand is extremely fluid in nature, and that is when we have the unfortunate accident of venting a squirt of diarrhea rather than an innocent fart. What is the best position for farting? That depends on what you are trying to achieve. Years and years ago, I read a novel (can't remember which) that had a character in it who was plagued with intestinal gas pain. The character would coax farts out by getting down on all fours with her butt in the air, pressing her thighs against her belly. So perhaps this is the best position for farting if you are having difficulty getting them to come out. Back when I was in geology field camp, we would sit around the campfire in the evening and ignite our flatulence. It was a ritual. When a fart was ready to emerge, the farter would announce, "I have one." And everyone else would intone, "Assume the proper position." The farter would lie back on his or her shoulders with back propped up, head between the knees, and posterior in the air. The purpose was to give the person with the match easy access to the critical vent. Expert farters of my acquaintance often shift their weight onto one leg and lift the other slightly when farting. I assume that this position is adopted less to aid in the farting process than to signal that a fart is imminent. Why do chicks always deny farting? I suppose I should start by saying that only some chicks deny farting. The rest of us acknowledge our gaseous accomplishments with pride. However, a great many sisters do deny farting. The reason is that they have been misled into thinking that farts are not ladylike. It is a great mistake to say that farting is not ladylike. The reason is that all people fart, including ladies. Anything that ladies do is by definition ladylike, and that includes the emission of anal gases. Is it possible that, by inhaling other people's farts all day long, my own farts will smell more? No, inhaled farts would go into the lungs rather than into the digestive system, and would simply be exhaled again, although it might be possible that some of the fart components might be absorbed into the blood. If you wanted to benefit from other people's farts in the way you describe, you would have to swallow them somehow. Is it possible to get stoned after inhaling two or three farts in a row? I am not aware of any intoxicating agents in flatulence. However, most farts contain very little oxygen, and you may experience dizziness if you are inhaling overly concentrated fart essence, simply from lack of oxygen. On the other hand, if you are inhaling farts in the open air and are breathing rapidly in order to inhale as much fart as possible, you may be hyperventilating, which also induces dizziness. Then there is the intrinsic hilarity factor: farts are so funny in both sound and odor that you might feel high just from the basic entertainment value of farts. Is it possible for a fart to kill you? A great many of you have asked if farts can be fatal, or if you can die from smelling a particularly bad fart. My initial response to this question was "no," but I thought I'd better ask a doctor. So now it is official, the medical opinion I received is no, a fart can't kill you. However, if you really work hard at it, you can manage to kill yourself with just about anything. I recently read of a man who hooked up his nose to his anus with a system involving a gas mask, rubber tubing and a hollow wooden post. He died of suffocation. This story comes from the Darwin Awards, and I personally cannot attest to the overall veracity of their stories. The story of the bed-bound obese man who died from inhaling his own flatulence (and whose farts almost killed the paramedics) is an urban legend that has been in circulation for some time. But according to Buzzbomb43, whom I quote: "In World War Two, the Air Force estimates that around 1000 to 2000 airmen were killed because of flatulence. The reason is B-17 bombers were not pressurized, so when bomber crews operated around 20,000 feet, the gas would expand and rupture their intestines." Now, that is a nasty way to go! There are also, of course, (in)famous stories about excessive farters that bio-hazard small toilet rooms, and when they try to light a cigarette the flame ignites the gas-rich-environment causing an explosion. My personal view about such stories is one of doubt. When you smoke and you fart does it make it smell any worse? (Brittney) Only if you swallow the cigarettes after smoking Brittney. If you settle for traditional smoking (inhaling) - the smoke will travel to your respiratory system and not to your digestive system and hence will have little-to-no effect on the odour of your farts. Of course, a minute mass of smoked Nicotine can (and does) migrate from the respiratory system into blood vessels and downstream to the digestive system (Nicotine is actually a known laxative), but the proportions are too small to contribute dearly to the odours you contribute. However, if you do swallow your cigarettes after smoking - its a different ball game. Cigarettes are produced with measures of Ammonia which certainly intensify gaseous odours. My advise for you therefore is not to swallow. I am guessing the reason why certain people think cigarettes might intensify the bad smell of a fart has to do with the fact both farts and cigarettes produce bad odours. I don't think however that this is a case of competing bad odours that in blend will create a third - even worst odour. Last, while I do not advise you to ever quit farting - I do strongly advise to quit smoking. Can excessive farting cause impotence? That depends on the tolerance level of the person with whom one is trying to be potent! Fortunately for humans, farting doesn't cause tissue damage. Other animals aren't so lucky. Soldier termites can actually turn themselves into bombs by detonating themselves via the explosive release of gas and feces, a process called "autothysis." Is it possible to inhale (suck in air) via one's anal opening? Yes, but it's a rare talent. The great early 20th Century French flatulist, Le Petomane, was able to do this, and in fact was able to suck up an entire bowlful of water (just the water, not the bowl) into his colon and expel it again with considerable force. By sucking in large quantities of air, he was able to perform lengthy shows on stage, and could imitate musical instruments, farm animals, and bird songs, whistle melodies, and play the ocarina. His productions were said to be virtually odorless, which is to be expected from air obtained directly from the outside. Here is a message I received recently (November, 1999) regarding the skill of inhaling via the anus: "i would just like you to know that i am part of a trio, who can suck in air in our anal openings. we are somewhat air-bandits. we can let the longest farts you have ever heard. our record holder, chad, stands at 24 sec. the record for most farts in a row is derek, at 492. and i, robert, have earned such nicknames as: Mad Crapper, gurglemeister, and old wetful. We have followed Le Petomane example, and have mastered the art of farting." Jason W. says, "I am a 16 year old guy that is a part of a 3-man fart on command group. We get together every Saturday night andpractice our talent to songs with a good beat. We accomplish this by getting on our hands and knees, completely relaxing, and our butt hole just opens up and air just seeps into our colons. We then get into position and let them rip. We can so far play a song called "THE EYE OF THE TIGER" (Rocky 3 theme song). We came across another group of 4 guys that can do this during the winter of 2001. We started to get together with them more frequently, and now we have a full fledged band going all on farting...We are going to try to make a CD on some songs we know, but no one wants to let us...I personally have let a fart go for about 75 seconds. On average each Saturday night we let off about 1000 farts EACH! The only problem with flatulating when we want is that now 2 of us can't help but sucking in air through our anus when we sit down." Jason has also provided the following instructions for people who would like to acquire this skill: 1) Get a pillow and a soft surface. 2) Place your ear on the pillow with your head turned sideways. 3) Put your butt up in the air, bringing your knees as close up to your head as possible. This relaxes your anal opening. 4) Once you're relaxed enough, you should feel a strange sensation...this is air traveling into your colon. 5) Through practice you will be able to do this by just sitting down. Adam reports that a student at his high school, known as "The King" could fart "God Save the Queen" by alternately inhaling and exhaling through his anus. The students refered to the inhaling process as "input." Is it possible to swallow smoke and then fart it out your anus? No, smoke consists of solid particles suspended in air. When such a mixture enters the digestive system, the solids condense on the walls and other objects in the gut, or go into suspension in liquids in the system. However, for people capable of inhaling through the anus, it is possible to smoke a cigarette with the anal opening and then blow the smoke back out. What causes the burning sensation that sometimes accompanies a fart? This is generally caused by a recent meal of hot peppers or related spices. The oils associated with these foods remain intact and active all the way through one's gastrointestinal system. If you fart in the bathtub, is the water polluted and should you refill the tub? As long as what comes out is only fart and no poop, your bath water should not be significantly polluted. Most of the gas just bubbles up and contaminates the air rather than the water. Is it true that a woman can fart out of her, shall we say, frontal opening, and if so, where does the gas come from? Yes, it is true! The gas that emerges is simply trapped air, for there is no gas production in the genitalia of a woman. The air can enter because the system is open to the outside. This highly specialized kind of fart is sometimes called a queef. This occurs especially frequently during the sex act, when air in the genitalia gets compressed and is forced out at high pressure. Can a man fart out of his genital opening? I have asked various men this question and they all deny it emphatically. However, elrondh contributed the information that under certain rare and artificially-induced circumstances, a man might pass gas through his penis. In this case, the man's bladder had been inflated for a medical procedure, the air introduced via catheter inserted through the urethra. This gas escaped during later attempts to urinate, "accompanied by a brief but sharp burning sensation." Is it possible to capture a fart in a jar and save it for later use? It should be theoretically possible to do this, but there would be lots of logistical problems. I would suggest using a plastic bag instead of a jar. You might try the following as a science fair experiment: Fart into several plastic bags and seal them carefully. Then fill several other plastic bags with ordinary air. Wait 24 hours. Then get volunteers to smell the contents of the bags to see if they can correctly identify which ones contain the farts. This should tell you if it is possible to store a fart in any useful way. Malachi and Megaera have come up with a way to capture a fart in a jar. They say to do it in the bathtub while bathing. Fill the jar with bath water and then hold it with the open end downward. Lean back in the bathtub so that your fart bubbles will emerge in front of you rather than behind you where you can't see them. Catch the bubbles in the jar, and put the lid on the jar while it's still underwater. This way, you capture a fairly pure fart uncontaminated by atmospheric air. To enjoy your captured fart to the fullest extent, make sure that your jar does not already smell like whatever was it it before, like pickles or peanut butter. Meep wrote to say that her fiancé was an expert fart collector at the age of ten. He used Kodak film canisters, and kept them on a shelf in his room. Experiments on his mother proved the efficacy of his method. Is it weird to enjoy farting? It is not unusual to enjoy farting. I believe that enjoyment of farting is a healthy attitude, since everyone has to fart. If a person is farting to the extent that it creates problems and unhappiness, then a visit to a doctor is in order. Is it common for people to enjoy smelling their own farts? I believe that it is not only common, it is universal. A person farts and then thinks, at least subconsciously, "Wow, I made that!" Can farting be considered sexy? Everything imaginable, and many things not imaginable, can be considered sexy by humans. However, the female southern pine beetle exudes a pheromone called frontalin in her flatulence that not only serves to attract males but acts as a general gathering call to both males and females of her species. Her farts are an invitation to an orgy. Unfortunately for her, her frontalin-laden farts also attract predators. What color is a fart? Farts are, alas, colorless. All of the gases that make up farts have no inherent color. But just think of how interesting it would be if farts were bright orange like nitrogen dioxide gas! It would certainly take the mystery out of who farted. Never-the-less, a high-personality gas like fart gas suggests color to people. Some people envision farts as brown, others as green or yellow. I have always thought of farts as brown, presumably because poop is brown. When someone farts in our car, that person might say, "You better not breathe through your mouth for awhile, or your teeth will turn brown." I knew a toddler who used to draw pictures of farts as yellow rectangles full of holes, like a slice of Swiss cheese. She thought of farts as yellow, and said that she knew they were rectangular because she could feel the sharp corners scraping against her on the way out! Ernie C. suggests that if farts were visible, they would look like pork rinds. Helen says, "It always seemed to me like farts were lumps of coal, black in color and irregularly spherical in shape." Do other people smell a fart better than the farter? The fart should smell just as much for the person who created it as it does for other people. However, the farter is somewhat protected by having the fart propelled away from his body in a direction opposite to his nose. Farting upwind nullifies this advantage. Why is it that when you scratch your *** through two layers of clothing (your underwear and your jeans) your fingers still stink? As pointed out by Barb F., who contributed the term to the fart thesaurus, a fart can be regarded as "aerosolized poop," which means that microscopic fragments and droplets of poop are actually distributed throughout the gaseous matrix of the fart. When delivered from the anus with some force, the components of the fart can penetrate one's clothing and these tiny particles can be trapped in the fibers of the cloth. The particles are transferred to your fingers and then your nose when you scratch and sniff. Why is it sometimes possible to taste farts? The sense of taste detects substances that are either liquid or dissolved in liquid. You can taste a fart when the fart's constituent molecules go into solution in your saliva. Do fart particles disperse in the air and float around until they hit something and then stick to it? The ultimate fate of fart particles depends on the nature of the particles. Gas molecules mostly mix into the atmosphere, although some may react chemically to form new substances. Aerosolized particles of liquid and solid poop probably do condense on surfaces. Most of these particles are polar (with a positively charged end and a negatively charged end) and are attracted to other polar substances or charged surfaces like a monitor screen. Other fart particles condense on microscopic water droplets in the air if the humidity is very high (as in a bathroom), and some particles go into solution in water. Is it possible to have bloody farts? Yes, this can happen if you are suffering from an anal fissure, a split in the wall of the colon. It can also happen to a woman who experiences a queef during her period. Why do farts seem to follow the farter? I'm sure that everyone has experienced this phenomenon, in which one delivers oneself forth of a silent but potent gaseous emission and then steps rapidly away, only to have the fart cling to one's person. Part of the reason for this annoying characteristic of farts is the turbulence that follows in the wake of a moving person. The fart "slip streams" or is actually pulled along in the farter's direction by the air currents behind the person. Another factor is that part of the fart is caught in the farter's clothing, and diffuses out slowly after the main part of the emission has dispersed. Why do farts smell so much worse in a shower than anywhere else? There are several factors. First of all, a shower is a small, enclosed space, so the fart gas is more concentrated, and the high turbidity of the air in the shower circulates the gas through the space effectively. Secondly, the high humidity and high temperature conditions in the shower enhance a person's sense of smell and taste. The farts don't actually smell worse, it's just that we can smell them better than usual. Similar conditions prevail in the bathtub. What would happen if someone farted on Venus? If Venus's surface temperature were a mere 200 to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, liquid water could exist there because of Venus's extremely high atmospheric pressure. But the temperature on Venus is almost 900 degrees Fahrenheit. Because humans are mostly water, a person would not simply emit gas on Venus, but would become gas, a whole-body fart. Venus already has a lot of sulfur compounds in its atmosphere, so a fart on Venus probably wouldn't even produce much of a smell. If you were in space without a suit, would a fart have the energy to propel you forward? Yes, a fart should propel you forward, since there is virtually no opposing force in the form of friction or gravity to counteract the force of the fart. Is it possible to freeze farts, and would they still be smelly after they are defrosted? The water vapor component of farts would freeze quite readily, but to freeze the entire fart would require high pressure and low temperature conditions such as that used to produce dry ice. The fart's composition would be unchanged by the process, and hence would still be smelly upon reversion to the gaseous state. Is it possible for a fart to rip your underwear? This is unlikely, because most underwear is made of material with a fairly high tensile strength, meaning that it can endure a certain level of extensional stress without brittle failure. Furthermore, the porous nature of underwear fabrics allows much of the fart's force to pass through the spaces rather than to stress the fabric. Where does the word "fart" come from? According to Eric Partridge in his excellent book of word origins (Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English), our word fart comes from the Old English word feortan, presumably of echoic origin, meaning that the word was chosen to sound like the object named. When it is cold outside and you fart, can you see it like you can see your breath? Now, that's an interesting idea! My guess would be yes, since farts are nice and moist like our breath, but this is one question that I'm not in a position to answer. I live in the tropics, and it never gets cold here. Several people have tried the experiment and have written to tell me the results. Most people said that they could indeed see their farts, but one person said that he couldn't see it even with his pants off. Here is what anywhere32 reported: "In the boys' locker room after morning water polo practice it was cold out and one of the players only had on his speedo and let out a fart. About four of us saw it and couldn't contain our laughter for the rest of the day." John of the UK said, "Farts expelled in cold air leave what can only be described as a long bushy tail. This is quite funny waiting on a train station platform on a cold dark frosty morning. A person will move away from everyone to a safe distance, and then release a long quiet fart, only to have a sudden and dramatic long bushy white tail coming from their anus; it goes down a little way and slowly curves up ending in a point, just like a dogs tail!" What are some other words for fart? The word "fart" is both a noun (referring to the substance and the sound), and a verb (referring to the act of farting). i seriously have no idea how this was posted as r & s!!!! but i hope u enjoy it as wierd as it is! i just copied and pasted it!! i thought it was funny
do you know any Scientists’ Comments on the Scientific Miracles in the Holy Quran? 1) Dr. T. V. N. Persaud is Professor of Anatomy, Professor of Pediatrics and Child Health, and Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. There, he was the Chairman of the Department of Anatomy for 16 years. He is well-known in his field. He is the author or editor of 22 textbooks and has published over 181 scientific papers. In 1991, he received the most distinguished award presented in the field of anatomy in Canada, the J.C.B. Grant Award from the Canadian Association of Anatomists. When he was asked about the scientific miracles in the Quran which he has researched, he stated the following: “The way it was explained to me is that Muhammad was a very ordinary man. He could not read, didn’t know [how] to write. In fact, he was an illiterate. And we’re talking about twelve [actually about fourteen] hundred years ago. You have someone illiterate making profound pronouncements and statements and that are amazingly accurate about scientific nature. And I personally can’t see how this could be a mere chance. There are too many accuracies and, like Dr. Moore, I have no difficulty in my mind that this is a divine inspiration or revelation which led him to these statements.” (View the RealPlayer video of this comment) Professor Persaud has included some Quranic verses and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, may God praise him, in some of his books. He has also presented these verses and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad at several conferences. 2) Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson is the Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics at the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Formerly, he was Professor of Ob-Gyn and the Chairman of the Department of Ob-Gyn at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. He was also the President of the American Fertility Society. He has received many awards, including the Association of Professors of Obstetrics and Gynecology Public Recognition Award in 1992. Professor Simpson studied the following two sayings of the Prophet Muhammad: “In every one of you, all components of your creation are collected together in your mother’s womb by forty days...”[2] “If forty-two nights have passed over the embryo, God sends an angel to it, who shapes it and creates its hearing, vision, skin, flesh, and bones....”[3] He studied these two sayings of the Prophet Muhammad extensively, noting that the first forty days constitute a clearly distinguishable stage of embryo-genesis. He was particularly impressed by the absolute precision and accuracy of those sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. Then, during one conference, he gave the following opinion: “So that the two hadeeths (the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) that have been noted provide us with a specific time table for the main embryological development before forty days. Again, the point has been made, I think, repeatedly by other speakers this morning: these hadeeths could not have been obtained on the basis of the scientific knowledge that was available [at] the time of their writing . . . . It follows, I think, that not only there is no conflict between genetics and religion but, in fact, religion can guide science by adding revelation to some of the traditional scientific approaches, that there exist statements in the Quran shown centuries later to be valid, which support knowledge in the Quran having been derived from God.” http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/219/
Drug warning for Collies - did you know that..........? I am sure most of you are aware of the adverse effects of Ivermectin and any associated products of the mectin family in collies, including Stronghold and Imodium. There have also been reported side effects of the painkiller Metacam, which has caused internal bleeding. 'Imodium® – Warning for Collies DO NOT GIVE COLLIES IMODIUM® !! It’s the brain barrier block, similar to giving them Ivermectin products (Heartgard 30). It is well known that Collies and related breeds can have adverse reactions to drugs such as ivermectin, loperamide (Imodium®), and others. It was previously unknown why some individual dogs were sensitive and others were not. Advances in molecular biology at the Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory at Washington State University's College of Veterinary Medicine have led to the discovery of the cause of multi-drug sensitivity in affected dogs. Here is the link about Imodium - this is very important info http://www.collie-rescue.org.uk/Medicines/dangerous_medicines.htm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ivermectin Toxicity in Collies For many years, veterinarians knew a certain pharmaceutical used to eliminate internal parasites in animals was very toxic to a subpopulation of collies. What they didn’t know was why. Now a pharmacologist at the WSU College of Veterinary Medicine has discovered a mutant gene for a key transport protein in the susceptible collies. The gene codes for P-glycoprotein, a large protein complex that acts to pump medications out of the brain and back to the bloodstream where they can be metabolized safely. In the collies that lacked the complete gene for P-glycoprotein, they do not produce the complete protein and cannot pump out the medications. The drugs then build within the brain to toxic levels. P-glycoprotein also helps transport other drugs out of the brain and other tissues in humans and animals, including popular over-the-counter medications. Discovery of the mutant P-glycoprotein gene may be a key step in screening individuals for certain drug susceptibilities or even pharmaceutical re-design of popular medications to make them safer for all species.'.htm I still think many vets think Stronghold is ok, even though it is based on selamectin.
Nanotechnology, will it be suppressed? Nanotechnology has been on the forefront of many peoples minds for years. Scientists, engineers, and nonprofessionals are all working towards a goal of machines that are able to manipulate matter on a molecular or atomic scale. The possibilities are near endless with applications in medicine, construction, and even military. The US federal government has even started to develop laws to guide, limit, and institute the technology even if it may be years from fruition. How can the common person expect to see a technology that could grind the global economies to a halt? Imagine having the capability to create food, clean water, and shelter from something self-replicating. Money would become meaningless. The people that have the capability to unleash the potential also stand to lose the most from it, how can we expect that to happen?
Nanotechnology, will it be suppressed? Nanotechnology has been on the forefront of many peoples minds for years. Scientists, engineers, and nonprofessionals are all working towards a goal of machines that are able to manipulate matter on a molecular or atomic scale. The possibilities are near endless with applications in medicine, construction, and even military. The US federal government has even started to develop laws to guide, limit, and institute the technology even if it may be years from fruition. How can the common person expect to see a technology that could grind the global economies to a halt? Imagine having the capability to create food, clean water, and shelter from something self-replicating. Money would become meaningless. The people that have the capability to unleash the potential also stand to lose the most from it, how can we expect that to happen?
dear friends of the all comunity if I send you my cv somebody could found one job for me ? CURRICULUM VITAE Dr. Massimiliano De Angelis Married, 2 sons V.le Giustiniano Imperatore, 274 Roma, Italia 00145 06-5400010 - 3204166003 email: massimiliano.deangelis@yahoo.com I.CURRENT POSITION Research microbiologist and research molecular genetics for the GMOs for the CRA Experimental Institute for the nutrition of plants. Responsibilities include: •developing the relationship between GMOs and human health, •the impact of the GMOs on the ecosystem and on human health, •the singling out the transgene of GMOs, •our complete study on exudation of the root, and the selection of bacteria families that enveloped this exudation. At the moment I also have a research program with the Institute – Ateneo Pontificio of the Vatican City for the bioremedy on contamined areas of oil selection bacteria families – that utilized hydrocarbon in their metabolism - utilized technical molecular like DGGE-PCR Real Time. 1At present I am responsible of C.Q. of the Biopharma s.r.l. where I have experience in GMP ,sterility test in production of antibiotics b lactamics. II.EDUCATION A: Universities: 1Università degli Studi di Roma “ La Sapienza” 1997 –Graduate of Health in Biomedical Tecnology (Faculty of Medicine). 2Università degli Studi di Roma “ Tor Vergata” 2005 – Graduate of Medical Biotechnology (Faculty of Medicine). B: Thesis Subjects: 2Method Radioimmunology to determine the antibody anti GAD 65 (Decarbossilasi – Glutammic Acid) in Diabetes disease. (Prof.Mario Pezzella advisor) 3Applications of DNA Microarrays in Biology. (Prof.G. Federici advisor) III. EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE 4Professional experience at the hospital “S.Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli” – department of Immunoematology for transfusion compatibility. 1994- 1995 1995-1996. 5Professional experience at the hospital Policlinico Umberto I° - department of Immunoendocrinology. 1997. 6Professional experience in La Sapienza University about study of Pseudomonas auriginosa and Burkolderia cenocepacia and interaction with lactoferrina in cystic fibrosis disease.2002 7At present I am responsible of C.Q. of the Biopharma s.r.l. where I have experience in procedure GMP ,sterility test in production of antibiotics b lactamics. 8I have been published in the biotechnology and microbiology study.
The Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar Disorder Connection? Bipolar Disord. 2006 Feb;8(1):1-14. Affective instability as rapid cycling: theoretical and clinical implications for borderline personality and bipolar spectrum disorders. Mackinnon DF, Pies R. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Objectives: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders guidelines provide only a partial solution to the nosology and treatment of bipolar disorder in that disorders with common symptoms and biological correlates may be categorized separately because of superficial differences related to behavior, life history, and temperament. The relationship is explored between extremely rapid switching forms of bipolar disorder, in which manic and depressive symptoms are either mixed or switch rapidly, and forms of borderline personality disorder in which affective lability is a prominent symptom. Methods: A MedLine search was conducted of articles that focused on rapid cycling in bipolar disorder, emphasizing recent publications (2001-2004). Results: Studies examined here suggest a number of points of phenomenological and biological overlap between the affective lability criterion of borderline personality disorder and the extremely rapid cycling bipolar disorders. We propose a model for the development of 'borderline' behaviors on the basis of unstable mood states that sheds light on how the psychological and somatic interventions may be aimed at 'breaking the cycle' of borderline personality disorder development. A review of pharmacologic studies suggests that anticonvulsants may have similar stabilizing effects in both borderline personality disorder and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Conclusions: The same mechanism may drive both the rapid mood switching in some forms of bipolar disorder and the affective instability of borderline personality disorder and may even be rooted in the same genetic etiology. While continued clinical investigation of the use of anticonvulsants in borderline personality disorder is needed, anticonvulsants may be useful in the treatment of this condition, combined with appropriate psychotherapy. PMID: 16411976 [PubMed - in process] ---------- J Affect Disord. 2005 Jul;87(1):17-23. Borderline personality disorder characteristics in young adults with recurrent mood disorders: a comparison of bipolar and unipolar depression. Smith DJ, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH. Division of Psychiatry, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK. daniel.smith@ed.ac.uk BACKGROUND: In young adults it can be difficult to differentiate between an early bipolar illness and borderline personality disorder. There are considerable areas of clinical overlap between cyclothymic temperament, bipolar-spectrum disorders and borderline characteristics. The aim of this study was to measure borderline characteristics in young adults during an index depressive episode and to compare three diagnostic groups: DSM-IV bipolar affective disorder (BPAD); bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD); and DSM-IV recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: Eighty-seven young adults with a current episode of major depression and at least one previous episode of depression were recruited from consecutive referrals to a psychiatric clinic. Diagnoses were based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-1) and recently proposed structured diagnostic criteria for BSD. All patients also completed the borderline questions from the screening questionnaire of the International Personality Disorders Examination (IPDE). RESULTS: Diagnostically, the cohort of 87 patients divided into three groups: 14 with BPAD; 27 with BSD; and 46 with MDD. None of the subjects fulfilled DSM-IV or ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for personality disorder and all three groups were well matched in terms of age, gender distribution, ethnicity, socioeconomic and educational status, age at onset of illness, and severity of index depressive episode. Both of the bipolar-depressed groups reported significantly higher median levels of borderline characteristics than the MDD group (p<0.0001). Three of the borderline characteristics emerged as potentially useful in differentiating bipolar depression from unipolar depression: 'I've never threatened suicide or injured myself on purpose' (sensitivity=0.93; positive predictive value [PPV]=56.7); 'I have tantrums or angry outbursts' (sensitivity 0.66; PPV=65.6%); and 'Giving in to some of my urges gets me into trouble' (sensitivity=0.76; PPV=59.6%). LIMITATIONS: All of the subjects were recruited from a university health service clinic and as such are unlikely to be representative of patients from more diverse socio-economic backgrounds. No structured diagnostic assessment of personality disorder was administered. The diagnostic criteria for BSD are not yet fully validated. CONCLUSIONS: Young adults with bipolar depression exhibit significantly higher levels of borderline personality pathology than those with unipolar depression. Those borderline screening questions that reflect cyclothymic characteristics or depressive mixed states may be of practical use to clinicians in helping to differentiate between bipolar depression and unipolar depression in young adults. PMID: 15967232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ---------- Bipolar Disord. 2005 Apr;7(2):192-7. Acute treatment outcomes in patients with bipolar I disorder and co-morbid borderline personality disorder receiving medication and psychotherapy. Swartz HA, Pilkonis PA, Frank E, Proietti JM, Scott J. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. swartzha@upmc.edu OBJECTIVE: Patients suffering from both bipolar I disorder and borderline personality disorder (BPD) pose unique treatment challenges. The purpose of this matched case-control study was to compare acute treatment outcomes of a sample of patients who met standardized diagnostic criteria for both bipolar I disorder and BPD (n = 12) to those who met criteria for bipolar I disorder only (n = 58). METHOD: Subjects meeting criteria for an acute affective episode were treated with a combination of algorithm-driven pharmacotherapy and weekly psychotherapy until stabilization (defined as four consecutive weeks with a calculated average of the 17-item version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Bech-Rafaelsen Mania scale totaling < or = 7). RESULTS: Only three of 12 (25%) bipolar-BPD patients achieved stabilization, compared with 43 of 58 (74%) bipolar-only patients. Two of the three bipolar-BPD patients who did stabilize took over 95 weeks to do so, compared with a median time-to-stabilization of 35 weeks in the bipolar-only group. The bipolar-BPD group received significantly more atypical mood-stabilizing medications per year than the bipolar-only group (Z = 4.3, p < 0.0001). Dropout rates in the comorbid group were high. CONCLUSIONS: This quasi-experimental study suggests that treatment course may be longer in patients suffering from both bipolar I disorder and BPD. Some patients improved substantially with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, suggesting that this approach is worthy of further investigation. PMID: 15762861 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ---------- Psychosom Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;67(1):1-8. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of bipolar disorder. Krishnan KR. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center (3050A), 4584 Hospital South, Box 3950, Durham, NC 27710, USA. krish001@mc.duke.edu OBJECTIVES: This review summarizes the literature on psychiatric and medical comorbidities in bipolar disorder. The coexistence of other Axis I disorders with bipolar disorder complicates psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. Conversely, symptom overlap in DSM-IV diagnoses hinders definition and recognition of true comorbidity. Psychiatric comorbidity is often associated with earlier onset of bipolar symptoms, more severe course, poorer treatment compliance, and worse outcomes related to suicide and other complications. Medical comorbidity may be exacerbated or caused by pharmacotherapy of bipolar symptoms. METHODS: Articles were obtained by searching MEDLINE from 1970 to present with the following search words: bipolar disorder AND, comorbidity, anxiety disorders, eating disorder, alcohol abuse, substance abuse, ADHD, personality disorders, borderline personality disorder, medical disorders, hypothyroidism, obesity, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, lithium, valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, atypical antipsychotics. Articles were prioritized for inclusion based on the following considerations: sample size, use of standardized diagnostic criteria and validated methods of assessment, sequencing of disorders, quality of presentation. RESULTS: Although the literature establishes a strong association between bipolar disorder and substance abuse, the direction of causality is uncertain. An association is also seen with anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and eating disorders, as well as cyclothymia and other axis II personality disorders. Medical disorders accompany bipolar disorder at rates greater than predicted by chance. However, it is often unclear whether a medical disorder is truly comorbid, a consequence of treatment, or a combination of both. CONCLUSION: To ensure prompt, appropriate intervention while avoiding iatrogenic complications, the clinician must evaluate and monitor patients with bipolar disorder for the presence and the development of comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions. Conversely, physicians should have a high index of suspicion for underlying bipolar disorder when evaluating individuals with other psychiatric diagnoses (not just unipolar depression) that often coexist with bipolar disorder, such as alcohol and substance abuse or anxiety disorders. Anticonvulsants and other mood stabilizers may be especially helpful in treating bipolar disorder with significant comorbidity. Publication Types: Review PMID: 15673617 [PubMed - in process] ---------- Can J Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;49(8):551-6. The boundary between borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: current concepts and challenges. Magill CA. Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. chandra_magill@hotmail.com OBJECTIVE: The boundary between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and bipolar disorder (BD) is a controversial subject. Clinically, it can be difficult to diagnose patients who present with both affective instability and impulsivity. This paper reviews concepts and challenges related to the overlap of these disorders. METHODS: A Medline search was conducted, using the key words borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, affective disorder, and personality disorder. Reference lists from articles generated were also used. Publications from the last 20 years were considered. RESULTS: Studies demonstrate a greater cooccurrence between these 2 disorders than between BPD and other Axis I disorders or between BD and other Axis II disorders. Some authors suggest that many patients diagnosed with BPD are better described as having BD, that the bipolar classification is too narrow, or that BPD should be considered a variant of affective disorders. Others present evidence supporting BPD as a valid construct. Hypotheses about the relation between the 2 disorders and suggestions for clinical practice are offered. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be sufficient evidence to consider BPD to be a valid diagnosis. Both disorders apply to heterogeneous populations, and their characteristics require further clarification. In diagnostically challenging situations, careful consideration of a patient's longitudinal history is essential. Future research will be important to ensure that our diagnostic classifications reflect clinically useful entities. Publication Types: Review PMID: 15453104 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ---------- Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004 May-Jun;12(3):140-5. Comment in: Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004 May-Jun;12(3):146-9. Borderline or bipolar? Distinguishing borderline personality disorder from bipolar spectrum disorders. Paris J. Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Institute of Community and Family Psychiatry, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. joel.paris@mcgill.ca This article addresses the question whether borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be understood as a variant of bipolar disorder. In the past, borderline pathology has been seen as a variant of psychosis, depression, or posttraumatic stress disorder, but there are important differences between all of these conditions and BPD. The proposal that BPD falls within the bipolar spectrum depends on the assumption that affective instability develops through the same mechanism in both diagnostic categories. There are major differences in phenomenology, family history, longitudinal course, and treatment response between BPD and bipolar disorder, and the findings of comorbidity studies are equivocal. Thus, existing evidence is insufficient to support the concept that BPD falls in the bipolar spectrum. Publication Types: Review PMID: 15371068 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ---------- Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004 May-Jun;12(3):133-9. Comment in: Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004 May-Jun;12(3):146-9. Is borderline personality disorder part of the bipolar spectrum? Smith DJ, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH. Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland. daniel.smith@ed.ac.uk In recent years, advances in the areas of both bipolar and borderline personality disorders have generated considerable interest in the clinical interface between these two conditions. Developments in the study of the neurobiology of borderline personality disorder suggest that many patients with this diagnosis have etiological features in common with those diagnosed with bipolar disorders. This claim is supported by new insights into the phenomenology of both disorders and by evidence that mood stabilizers are efficacious in the pharmacological management of borderline patients. This area of research is an important one because of the considerable morbidity and public health costs associated with borderline personality disorder. Since borderline patients can be so challenging to care for, it may be that a reframing of the disorder as belonging to the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders holds benefits for patients and clinicians alike. Publication Types: Review PMID: 15371067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] --------- J Affect Disord. 2004 Apr;79(1-3):297-303. Borderline personality disorder in patients with bipolar disorder and response to lamotrigine. Preston GA, Marchant BK, Reimherr FW, Strong RE, Hedges DW. Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Clinic, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. prestong@intra.nimh.nih.gov BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggesting lamotrigine as an effective treatment in bipolar disorder, and perhaps borderline personality disorder, a common comorbid personality disorder in bipolar patients, led us to retrospectively examine patients from two bipolar studies to investigate this pattern of comorbidity, and to determine whether lamotrigine effected the dimensions of borderline personality. Methods: Fifteen months following entry into either study, we retrospectively assessed DSM-IV dimensions of borderline personality disorder pre- and post-treatment with lamotrigine in 35 bipolar patients. RESULTS: Forty percent met criteria for borderline personality disorder; this subgroup had a more frequent history of substance abuse and childhood symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dimensions of borderline personality improved significantly with treatment in both patient groups, and corresponded with response of bipolar symptoms. Six (43%) comorbid bipolar patients endorsed three or fewer criteria of borderline personality during treatment with lamotrigine. There was a trend for comorbid bipolar patients to require a second psychoactive medication in addition to lamotrigine during extended treatment. LIMITATIONS: Criteria for borderline personality and improvement were assessed retrospectively in an open manner. CONCLUSIONS: Dimensions of borderline personality disorder may respond to lamotrigine in comorbid bipolar patients; controlled studies appear warranted. Bipolar studies should assess and specify the number of patients with personality disorders in the trial. PMID: 15023511 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ---------- J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;65(1):104-9. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Bogenschutz MP, George Nurnberg H. Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. mbogenschutz@salud.unm.edu BACKGROUND: Atypical antipsychotics are increasingly used in clinical practice in the management of borderline personality disorder (BPD), and a small but growing body of literature supports their efficacy. Here, we report the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine as a treatment for BPD. METHOD: Forty BPD pa